The Purpose of Learning and Education in the West - A Timeline

 

Time Period	Description	Perceived Purpose of Education
Ancient Egypt (c. 3000 BC - c. 1000 BC)	Education was primarily for the elite. It was focused on reading, writing, arithmetic, and also included learning about religious texts and morals.	To prepare the young for their roles in society, particularly in administrative and religious positions.
Ancient Greece (c. 800 BC - 600 AD)	Greek education was divided into two stages: physical training for military service (Gymnasion) and intellectual education (Grammatistes for reading and writing, Kitharistes for music, and Gymnastics for physical education).	Education was designed to produce citizens trained in the arts of both peace and war.
Ancient Rome (c. 753 BC - 476 AD)	Roman education was heavily influenced by the Greeks. It was also two-fold, focusing on physical and intellectual education, and it was available to both boys and girls.	The aim was to develop oratorical skill, physical fitness, and respect for law, tradition, and the gods.
Middle Ages (5th -15th century)	The monastic schools were the primary source of education. Scholasticism became a significant method of learning. Education was typically for the elite, although there were some schools for the poor.	The purpose was the cultivation of moral character and preparation for spiritual life. It also aimed to maintain the religious and social order.
Renaissance (14th -17th century)	A resurgence in classical knowledge sparked a renewed interest in education. The curriculum included Greek, Latin, philosophy, history, mathematics, and physical education.	The aim was to create well-rounded individuals, capable of critical thinking and contributing to society.
Enlightenment (17th -18th century)	The Enlightenment brought about a new focus on reason and the scientific method in education. Education began to be seen as a right, not a privilege.	The purpose was to encourage critical thinking, provide a sense of citizenship, and promote an understanding of the world.
Industrial Revolution (18th -19th century)	The Industrial Revolution saw a shift in focus from agrarian life to industrial skills. Mass education systems were introduced.	The primary aim was to create a skilled workforce for the growing industrial economy. It was also to create educated citizens.
20th Century	The 20th century saw vast expansions in access to education and diversification of subjects. Compulsory education became the norm in many countries. The higher education sector also grew massively.	To prepare individuals for a wide range of careers in a diversified economy, and to create informed citizens. Emphasis on the development of individual potential.
21st Century (up to 2021)	Increasing focus on technology integration and lifelong learning. Expansion of online learning, especially highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Emphasis on critical thinking, creativity, and social skills.	To prepare individuals for a rapidly changing world, emphasizing adaptability, critical thinking, creativity, and social-emotional learning. To build global citizenship.